Over the last few years, email has become an integral part of our daily lives. It has evolved from a simple way to send and receive text between two parties into a familiar and reliable method of communication that can be used as a place to receive newsletters, updates, and notifications from various services, etc. Several email apps have built additional features and experiences on top of the core email technology, such as shared inboxes, team collaboration, delegation, inline comments, etc.
Finding an email client for your Mac is not a trivial task. There are numerous free email apps for Mac that are released every few months and many simply shut down or disappear just as easily. Thankfully, we’ve made it easy for you by picking some of the best email apps out there and highlighting everything you should know about them. By the end of this article, you’ll emerge fully aware why Readdle’s Spark is by far the best email app for Mac.
Feb 22, 2017 Unlike Xamarin.iOS, there is no need to choose a target to run the app on, since the app will run right on your Mac. You should see something like this: Building a User Interface. Now that we have a basic macOS app, it’s time to build out our user interface; a blank app isn’t very useful! Xamarin.Mac uses Xcode’s Interface Builder to. If you would like to use Outlook, you can switch to a different Microsoft 365 home subscription. If you would like to keep the license you have, we recommend you drag the Outlook app to Trash to delete it. If you have a Microsoft 365 work or school account, your license may not have. The main difference here was that there is no AppDelegate.swift file. Instead there is a file called “SwiftUIMac11App.swift” where “SwiftUIMac11” is the name of my app. This file is vastly simpler than the old AppDelegate but it sets up the app, the scene and the window group, with the expected ContentView as the main content.
Here’s our roundup of all the good email clients available for macOS:
1. Apple Mail app
Pricing: Free
Jan 04, 2018 Thus in order to access the new UI/UX design tools like sketch app, origami, principle, framer etc you need to have a macOS. And retina display on mac have no. Nov 14, 2019 Find Any File searches your local and network disks for files by name, creation or modification date, size or kind. As there are other tools with a similar search operation, here are the special features unique to Find Any File: Has a new hierarchical view of the found items, making it much easier to browse 100s of items (see the screenshot). The app delegate can also perform some app configuration tasks before the app is displayed. You add your custom behavior and logic to the AppDelegate class and any other classes you create. The instance of the NSApplication class, called the app object, loads the main nib file when the app launches. Nib files are an archive of UI elements. Nov 25, 2019 macOS has several features that iOS doesn’t. Windows can have toolbars at the top for useful UI. Some MacBook Pros have a configurable touch bar, and the primary screen has a menu bar. In this section you will: Add a menu item to the main menu bar. Add a toolbar to the window. Provide a custom icon for Mac. Add a touch bar item to the touch bar.
Pros: Good set of basic features, well-integrated with the OS, great for starters.
Cons: Lacks advanced features, no customization options, often ignored by Apple.
It’s nearly impossible to talk about the best email apps for Mac and not include Apple’s own Mail.app in the list. Apple Mail is a reliable & solid email app for Mac that is a great option for someone just starting off with email. It comes bundled with macOS and integrates well with the major email service providers. Mail app works best when used with iCloud and automatically sets up the iCloud email account when you set up your iCloud account on your Mac.
It has a basic set of features that are good enough for novice users to get started with the essential email experience. If you’ve just switched to a Mac from a PC, you’ll find the Apple Mail app experience far better than anything you’ve previously used from Microsoft. But you’ll quickly realize that Apple Mail lacks the essential email features that are must-have in today’s day and age and you’ll find yourself searching for the best Apple Mail alternative on Mac.
2. Microsoft Outlook for Mac
Pricing: Free to download, but requires a Microsoft 365 Subscription starting $70/year
Pros: Comes bundled with other Microsoft apps, Built-in Calendar, Dark Mode
Cons: Expensive in the long run, cluttered User Interface, unfamiliar design language on Mac
Microsoft Outlook for Mac is what Apple Mail would be if you threw in a bunch of features and made it look like every other Microsoft app. Unlike the Outlook Mail app on iOS which is praised by many, Outlook for Mac feels like a cluttered mess designed by a team of programmers 10 years ago. It is, however, packed with several great email features. Outlook has what it calls a Focused Inbox, which automatically sorts your important or personal emails into the Focused tab and separates the rest of the junk like newsletters and marketing emails into a separate tab.
Outlook comes bundled with a Microsoft 365 subscription that gives you access to Word, Excel, Powerpoint, OneNote, and OneDrive, so if you use any of these apps on your Mac, you can easily start using Outlook for Mac over Apple Mail and take advantage of all its good features. It works with email services like Gmail, Yahoo, iCloud and pretty much anything that supports POP3 or IMAP protocols (I’m looking at you HEY Email). However, if you want a Mac email client that has both a beautiful design & a feature-rich approach, you have to look no further than Spark.
3. Spark
Pricing: Free for Individuals & Small Teams, with optional Premium plans for teams that require more features
Pros: Beautiful & polished design, elegant aesthetics, feature-packed, multi-platform, several team-focused features, great for collaboration.
Cons: Lacks a Windows app (currently in development)
Spark is a beautifully designed and feature-rich email client from the house of Readdle, known for their suite of productivity apps for iOS and Mac. Spark offers a distraction-free email experience through a delightful interface and a very powerful set of features. It works with all major email services like Gmail, iCloud, Yahoo, Hotmail, Aol, GMX, Exchange, as well as any IMAP account.
Spark features a Smart Inbox that automatically sorts incoming email in collections of Personal email, Notifications, and Newsletters. This lets you focus on all the important emails first, while the rest of the clutter takes a back seat. This, coupled with the Smart Notifications feature that only alerts you about the important emails is a great way to take control of your inbox and get productive.
Spark comes with a smart & robust email search feature using which you can locate any email buried deep down in an instant. Simply search for what you’re looking for using Natural Language Search terms and Spark will find it for you. Type “Attachments from Nick” to search for all emails from Nick that have attachments in them, and “PDF attachments from David sent last week on Monday” to bring up all those emails from last Monday from David that have PDF files in them. You can even save your frequent searches, so locating those emails is just a click away.
If you don’t feel like attending to an email right away (such as bill reminders or upcoming renewal notifications), you can set the email aside temporarily using the Snooze feature and reduce the clutter in your inbox. You can schedule emails to be sent later, get reminded to follow-up if you don’t get a response by a stipulated deadline, integrate with a bunch of different apps & services, and so much more. Spark has all the features you need to work with email.
One area where Spark really shines is Spark for Teams. Invite your team members to Spark to collectively work on email together. Spark for Teams lets you Delegate emails — complete with a due date, Share & Discuss email with teammates with inline comments, collaborate on email with a real-time editor on Shared Drafts and share your emails with teammates without manually forwarding them and cluttering up their inboxes.
Overall, Spark is a remarkable bundle of all the features you need to work with email. It’s a fantastic email app for Individuals, and even better for teams. You don’t have to deal with two different versions — the same Spark app is the best Mac email client for personal use and adapts itself with built-in features to become the best email app for teams as well.
Best of all, Spark is absolutely free, so you really have no reason to miss out on the wonderful experience that Spark has in store for you.
4. Airmail
Pricing: Free, but requires a Recurring Subscription of $2.99/mo for Pro features
Pros: Loaded with features, fast, and has a Unified Inbox.
Cons: Messy UI that feels like it was hastily put together, requires Pro subscription for most features.
Airmail is a popular email client available for macOS that boasts of several features in its satchel. It supports all the popular email service providers including Exchange, as well as accounts with IMAP or POP3 access. Just like in Spark, there’s an Unified Inbox feature that lets you view emails from all your accounts in one place.
If you have a Mac notebook with a Touch Bar, Airmail puts your frequently used actions on it so that they’re just a tap away. You can, of course, customize these actions with your favorite set. There’s a lovely Dark Mode to help you with the night sessions, Quick Replies for short responses, a Today Widget to get a quick overview of your inbox, and a handy Share Extension so you can instantly email anything using Airmail.
Overall, Airmail is a really good email app for macOS, and would do really well if it wasn’t for its messy UI and it’s requirement of a recurring subscription of $2.99/mo for Pro features that hasn’t gone down well with its users.
5. Mailplane
Pricing: $30
Pros: Brings the familiar Gmail experience with a native interface
Cons: Only works with Gmail, often breaks due to changes by Google
If you have multiple Gmail accounts that you use simultaneously, Mailplane is the app you need to have on your Mac. Simply put, Mailplane is a native Mac app that wraps around the familiar web interface of Google’s products. With Mailplane, you get Gmail, Google Calendar, and Google Contacts — all in the same application. You can use multiple accounts in the app, and you can mix and match the accounts & services. For example, you can have Tab 1 for your personal Gmail account, Tab 2 for your G Suite for Work account, and Tab 3 for your Work Calendar account.
Mailplane has a handy notifier that not only alerts you about new emails, but also shows unread messages count in the menu bar. It has a ‘Search Everywhere’ feature that lets you simultaneously search for emails across different mailboxes. It also seamlessly integrates with a bunch of different macOS apps. My favorite Mailplane feature is that since it is essentially a browser for Google’s web UIs, it supports most of the popular third-party extensions to enhance your experience. You can enable Grammarly to improve your language, Simplify/Gmail to clean up the Gmail UI, Boomerang for Gmail to power-up features, Clearbit to add context to email addresses, and so on.
Unfortunately, your experience is still plagued with issues as Mailplane has to depend on Gmail’s web UI for it to work correctly and oftentimes it just fails to load Gmail, asking you to load an basic HTML version instead. You’ll also often be annoyed by Gmail asking you to enter your account credentials to verify yourself if you use too many accounts in Mailplane. To avoid these hassles, you can set up multiple Gmail accounts in Spark for Mac. This way, you get a premium native email experience and you also have access to your Google Calendar and contacts at your disposal.
6. Canary Mail
Pricing: $20
Pros: Good design, with heavy focus on Security & Privacy
Cons: Lacks Team features
Canary Mail is another email app for macOS that puts a heavy focus on privacy and security. It features end-to-end encryption, full PGP support, and an open source mail sync engine, making it a good choice for users who rely on PGP for all their email communication.
Canary has a beautiful design that looks like any other native Mac app built by Apple. There are familiar icons and buttons in the Mac app, and the UI is built to be simple yet powerful. It’s almost like the default Mail app on steroids.
While Canary is a pretty good email app for personal use, it lacks team collaboration features that are the need of the hour today. If you need to discuss emails with your team, need to draft emails together, and want to share emails without manually forwarding them, then Spark Mail app is what you really need.
7. Newton Mail
Pricing: Recurring Subscription of $49.99/yr
Pros: Multi-platform, Minimal & elegant design
Cons: Expensive subscription with an unclear future
Newton mail is an immensely popular email app that has spent quite some time in the news cycle lately. The app has an extensive set of features that make it an attractive choice for normal and pro users both. Newton features a very minimalistic user interface that takes the clutter out and lets you focus on the core email experience. Unfortunately, the UI is a little too minimal for many who are bothered by the empty spaces in the app.
In recent times, Newton has managed to alienate its loyal users after it announced that it is shutting down, two times in a row. The first time, the original owners of Cloudmagic announced that they were shutting down Newton, only to be bought over by Andy Rubin’s phone company Essential. Then for round #2, when Essential was shutting down, they announced that Newton would meet its end as well, only to be brought back by two independent fans of the service who didn’t want to see it die. As of now, there’s no clear future for Newton, especially considering that the service is priced at a hefty $50 per year.
When pitted against all the popular email apps for Mac available in the market, Spark Mail app emerges as the best email app for Mac by a long margin. It has the absolute perfect combination of a friendly & elegant user interface along with an extensive & robust set of features. Coupled with its impeccable polish, seamless integrations, phenomenal team features, and highly impressive price of being available for free, there’s really nothing that comes close to being a viable contender. Spark is truly the best email client for Mac.
Build a Basic UI
This lesson gets you familiar with Xcode, the tool you use to write apps. You’ll become familiar with the structure of a project in Xcode and learn how to navigate between and use basic project components. In the lesson, you’ll start making a simple user interface (UI) for the FoodTracker app and view it in the simulator. When you’re finished, your app will have a label for the meal’s name, a text field to change the meal’s name, and a button for resetting the name.
Learning Objectives
At the end of the lesson, you’ll be able to:
Create a project in Xcode
Identify the purpose of key files that are created with an Xcode project template
Open and switch between files in a project
Run an app in iOS Simulator
Add, move, and resize UI elements in a storyboard
Edit the attributes of UI elements in a storyboard using the Attributes inspector
View and rearrange UI elements using the outline view
Preview a storyboard UI using the Assistant editor’s Preview mode
Use Auto Layout to lay out a UI that automatically adapts to the user’s device size
Create a New Project
Xcode includes several built-in app templates for developing common types of iOS apps, such as games, apps with tab-based navigation, and table view-based apps. Most of these templates have preconfigured interface and source code files. For this lesson, you’ll start with the most basic template: Single View Application.
To create a new project
Open Xcode from the
/Applicationsdirectory.If this is the first time you’ve launched Xcode, it may ask you to agree to the user agreement and to download additional components. Follow the prompts through these screens until Xcode is completely set up and ready to launch.
As soon as Xcode launches, the welcome window appears.
If a project window appears instead of the welcome window, don’t worry—you probably created or opened a project in Xcode previously. Just use the menu item in the next step to create the project.
In the welcome window, click “Create a new Xcode project” (or choose File > New > Project).
Xcode opens a new window and displays a dialog in which you choose a template.
Select iOS at the top of the dialog. Mac software to store passwords.
In the Application section, select Single View Application and then click Next.
In the dialog that appears, use the following values to name your app and choose additional options for your project:
Product Name:
FoodTrackerXcode uses the product name you entered to name your project and the app.
Team: If this is not automatically filled in, set the team to None.
Organization Name: The name of your organization or your own name. You can leave this blank.
Organization Identifier: Your organization identifier, if you have one. If you don’t, use
com.example.Bundle Identifier: This value is automatically generated based on your product name and organization identifier.
Language: Swift
Devices: Universal
A Universal app is one that runs on both iPhone and iPad.
Use Core Data: Unselected.
Include Unit Tests: Selected.
Include UI Tests: Unselected.
Click Next.
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In the dialog that appears, select a location to save your project and click Create.
Xcode opens your new project in the workspace window.
The workspace window may have an error icon with a message that says “Signing for FoodTracker requires a development team.” This warning means you haven’t set up Xcode for iOS development yet, but don’t worry, you can complete these lessons without doing that. You do not need a development team to run the app in the simulator.
Explore Further
Before you can run the app on an iOS device, you need to set a valid team so that the app can be signed. If you are an individual or part of an organization that is a member of the Apple Developer Program, you can select that team here. Otherwise, your Apple ID is assigned to a personal team that you can use to launch apps on devices. However, you will need to join the Apple Developer Program before you can submit your app to the App store.
For more information, select Help > Xcode Help and search for “Signing workflow.”
Get Familiar with Xcode
Xcode includes everything you need to create an app. It organizes all the files and resources that go into creating an app. It provides editors for both your code and your user interfaces. Also, Xcode lets you build, run, and debug your app—providing simulators for iOS devices and a powerful integrated debugger.
Take a few moments to familiarize yourself with the main sections of the Xcode workspace:
Navigator area. Provides quick access to the various parts of your project.
Editor area. Allows you to edit source code, user interfaces, and other resources.
Utility area. Provides information about selected items and access to ready-made resources. The Utility area is divided into two parts. The top is the inspector pane, where you view and edit information about items selected in the navigator or edit areas. The bottom is the library pane, where you access user interface elements, code snippets, and other resources.
Toolbar. Used to build and run your apps, view the progress of running tasks, and configure your work environment.
Don’t be overwhelmed by all of the pieces; each area is described in more detail when you need to use it.
Run iOS Simulator
Because you based your project on an Xcode template, the basic app environment is automatically set up for you. Even though you haven’t written any code, you can build and run the Single View Application template without any additional configuration.
To build and run your app, use the iOS Simulator app that’s included in Xcode. The simulator gives you an idea of how your app would look and behave if it were running on a device.
The simulator can model a number of different types of hardware—All the screen sizes and resolutions for both iPad and iPhone—so you can simulate your app on every device you’re developing for. In this lesson, use the iPhone 7 option.
To run your app in the simulator
In the Scheme pop-up menu in the Xcode toolbar, choose iPhone 7.
The Scheme pop-up menu lets you choose which simulator or device you’d like to run your app on. Make sure you select the iPhone 7 Simulator, not an iOS device.
Click the Run button, located in the top-left corner of the Xcode toolbar.
Alternatively, choose Product > Run (or press Command-R).
If you’re running an app for the first time, Xcode asks whether you’d like to enable developer mode on your Mac. Developer mode allows Xcode access to certain debugging features without requiring you to enter your password each time. Decide whether you’d like to enable developer mode and follow the prompts.
If you choose not to enable developer mode, you may be asked for your password later on. These lessons assume developer mode is enabled.
Watch the Xcode toolbar as the build process completes.
Xcode displays messages about the build process in the activity viewer, which is in the middle of the toolbar.
After Xcode finishes building your project, the simulator starts automatically. It may take a few moments to start up the first time.
The simulator opens in the iPhone mode you specified and then launches your app. Initially, the simulator displays your app’s launch screen, and then it transitions to your app’s main interface. In an unmodified Single View Application template, the launch screen and the main interface are identical.
Right now, the Single View Application template doesn’t do much—it just displays a white screen. Other templates have more complex behavior. It’s important to understand a template’s uses before you extend it to make your own app. Running your app in the simulator with no modifications is a good way to start developing that understanding.
Quit the simulator by choosing Simulator > Quit Simulator (or pressing Command-Q).
Review the Source Code
The Single View Application template comes with a few source code files that set up the app environment. First, take a look at the AppDelegate.swift file.
To look at the AppDelegate.swift source file
Make sure the project navigator is open in the navigator area.
The project navigator displays all the files in your project. If the project navigator isn’t open, click the leftmost button in the navigator selector bar. (Alternatively, choose View > Navigators > Show Project Navigator.)
If necessary, open the FoodTracker folder in the project navigator by clicking the disclosure triangle next to it.
Select
AppDelegate.swift.Xcode opens the source file in the main editor area of the window.
Alternatively, double-click the
AppDelegate.swiftfile to open it in a separate window.
The App Delegate Source File
The AppDelegate.swift source file has two primary functions:
It defines your
AppDelegateclass. The app delegate creates the window where your app’s content is drawn and provides a place to respond to state transitions within the app.It creates the entry point to your app and a run loop that delivers input events to your app. This work is done by the
UIApplicationMainattribute (@UIApplicationMain), which appears toward the top of the file.Using the
UIApplicationMainattribute is equivalent to calling theUIApplicationMainfunction and passing yourAppDelegateclass’s name as the name of the delegate class. In response, the system creates an application object. The application object is responsible for managing the life cycle of the app. The system also creates an instance of yourAppDelegateclass, and assigns it to the application object. Finally, the system launches your app.
The AppDelegate class is automatically created whenever you create a new project. Unless you are doing something highly unusual, you should use this class provided by Xcode to initialize your app and respond to app-level events. The AppDelegate class adopts the UIApplicationDelegate protocol. This protocol defines a number of methods you use to set up your app, to respond to the app’s state changes, and to handle other app-level events.
The AppDelegate class contains a single property: window.
This property stores a reference to the app’s window. This window represents the root of your app’s view hierarchy. It is where all of your app content is drawn. Note that the window property is an optional, which means it may have no value (be nil) at some point.
The AppDelegate class also contains stub implementations of the following delegate methods:
funcapplication(_application: UIApplication, didFinishLaunchingWithOptionslaunchOptions: [UIApplicationLaunchOptionsKey: Any]?) -> BoolfuncapplicationWillResignActive(_application: UIApplication)funcapplicationDidEnterBackground(_application: UIApplication)funcapplicationWillEnterForeground(_application: UIApplication)funcapplicationDidBecomeActive(_application: UIApplication)funcapplicationWillTerminate(_application: UIApplication)
These methods let the application object communicate with the app delegate. During an app state transition—for example, app launch, transitioning to the background, and app termination—the application object calls the corresponding delegate method, giving your app an opportunity to respond. You don’t need to do anything special to make sure these methods get called at the correct time—the application object handles that job for you.
Each of the delegate methods has a default behavior. If you leave the template implementation empty or delete it from your AppDelegate class, you get the default behavior whenever that method is called. Alternatively, you can add your own code to the stub methods, defining custom behaviors that are executed when the methods are called.
The template also provides comments for each of the stub methods. These comments describe how these methods can be used by your app. You can use the stub methods and comments as a blueprint for designing many common app-level behaviors.
In this lesson, you won’t be using any custom app delegate code, so you don’t have to make any changes to the AppDelegate.swift file.
The View Controller Source File
The Single View Application template has another source code file: ViewController.swift. Select ViewController.swift in the project navigator to view it.
This file defines a custom subclass of UIViewController named ViewController. Right now, this class simply inherits all the behavior defined by UIViewController. To override or extend that behavior, you override the methods defined on UIViewController.
As you can see in the ViewController.swift file, the template’s implementation overrides both the viewDidLoad() and didReceiveMemoryWarning() methods; however, the template’s stub implementation doesn’t do anything yet, except call the UIViewController version of these methods. You can add your own code to customize the view controller’s response to these events.
Although the template comes with the didReceiveMemoryWarning() method, you won’t need to implement it in these lessons, so go ahead and delete it.
At this point, your ViewController.swift code should look something like this:
importUIKitclassViewController: UIViewController {overridefuncviewDidLoad() {super.viewDidLoad()// Do any additional setup after loading the view, typically from a nib.}}
You’ll start writing code in this source code file later in this lesson.
Open Your Storyboard
You’re ready to start working on a storyboard for your app. A storyboard is a visual representation of the app’s user interface, showing screens of content and the transitions between them. You use storyboards to lay out the flow—or story—that drives your app. You see exactly what you're building while you’re building it, get immediate feedback about what’s working and what’s not, and make instantly visible changes to your user interface.
To open your storyboard
In the project navigator, select
Main.storyboard.Xcode opens the storyboard in Interface Builder—its visual interface editor—in the editor area. The background of the storyboard is the canvas. You use the canvas to add and arrange user interface elements.
At this point, the storyboard in your app contains one scene, which represents a screen of content in your app. The arrow that points to the left side of the scene on the canvas is the storyboard entry point, which means that this scene is loaded first when the app starts. This scene contains a single view that’s managed by a view controller. You’ll learn more about the roles of views and view controllers soon.
When you ran your app in the iPhone 7 Simulator app, the view in this scene is what you saw on the device screen. However, the scene on the canvas may not have the same dimensions as the simulator’s screen. You can select the screen size and orientation at the bottom of the canvas. In this case, it’s set to iPhone 7 in a portrait orientation, so the canvas and the simulator are the same.
Even though the canvas shows a specific device and orientation, it is important to create an adaptive interface—an interface that automatically adjusts so that it looks good on any device and in any orientation. As you develop your interface, you can change the canvas’s view, letting you see how your interface adapts to different size screens.
Build the Basic UI
It’s time to build a basic interface. You’ll start by working on a user interface for the scene that lets you add a new meal to your meal tracking app, FoodTracker.
Xcode provides a library of objects that you can add to a storyboard file. Some of these are elements that appear in the user interface, such as buttons and text fields. Others, such as view controllers and gesture recognizers, define the behavior of your app but don’t appear onscreen.
The elements that appear in the user interface are known as views. Views display content to the user. They are the building blocks for constructing your user interface and presenting your content in a clear, elegant, and useful way. Views have a variety of useful built-in behaviors, including displaying themselves onscreen and reacting to user input.
All view objects in iOS are of type UIView or one of its subclasses. Many UIView subclasses are highly specialized in appearance and behavior. Start by adding a text field (UITextField), one such subclass of UIView, to your scene. A text field lets a user type in a single line of text, which you’ll use as the name of a meal.
To add a text field to your scene
Choose Editor > Canvas, and make sure Show Bounds Rectangles is selected.
This setting causes Interface Builder to draw a blue bounding box around all the views in the canvas. Many views and controls have transparent backgrounds, making it difficult to see their actual size. Layout bugs occur when the system resizes a view so that it’s either larger or smaller than you anticipate. Enabling this setting helps you understand exactly what’s going on in your view hierarchy.
Open the Object library.
The Object library appears at the bottom of the utility area on the right side of Xcode. If you don’t see the Object library, click its button, which is the third button from the left in the library selector bar. (Alternatively, choose View > Utilities > Show Object Library.)
A list appears showing each object’s name, description, and visual representation.
In the Object library, type
text fieldin the filter field to find the Text Field object quickly. Dropbox app not opening.Drag a Text Field object from the Object library to your scene.
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If necessary, zoom in by choosing Editor > Canvas > Zoom.
Drag the text field so that it’s positioned in the top half of the scene and aligned with the left margin in the scene.
Stop dragging the text field when it snaps to the left margin.
The blue layout guides help you place the text field. Layout guides are visible only when you drag or resize objects next to them; they disappear when you let go of the text field.
If necessary, click the text field to reveal the resize handles.
You resize a user interface element by dragging its resize handles, which are small white squares that appear on the element’s borders. You reveal an element’s resize handles by selecting it. In this case, the text field should already be selected because you just stopped dragging it. If your text field looks like the one below, you’re ready to resize it; if it doesn’t, select it on the canvas.
Resize the left and right edges of the text field until you see three vertical layout guides: the left margin alignment, the horizontal center alignment, and the right margin alignment.
Although you have the text field in your scene, there’s no instruction to the user about what to enter in the field. Use the text field’s placeholder text to prompt the user to enter the name of a new meal.
To configure the text field’s placeholder text
With the text field selected, open the Attributes inspector in the utility area.
The Attributes inspector appears when you click the fourth button from the left in the inspector selector bar. It lets you edit the properties of an object in your storyboard.
In the Attributes inspector, find the field labeled Placeholder and type
Enter meal name.Explore Further
In a production app, any String that can be seen by the user (such as the text field’s placeholder text) should be localized. For more information, see Build Apps for the World.
Press Return to display the new placeholder text in the text field.
While you’re editing the text field’s attributes, you can also edit the attributes of the system keyboard that’s displayed when a user selects the text field.
To configure the text field’s keyboard
Make sure the text field is still selected.
In the Attributes inspector, find the field labeled Return Key and select Done (scroll down if necessary).
This change will make the default Return key on the keyboard more pronounced to the user by changing it into a Done key.
In the Attributes inspector, select the Auto-enable Return Key checkbox (again, scroll down if necessary).
This change makes it impossible for the user to tap the Done key before typing text into the text field, ensuring that users can never enter an empty string as a meal name.
Next, add a label (UILabel) at the top of the scene. A label isn’t interactive; it just displays static text in the user interface. To help you understand how to define interaction between elements in the user interface, you’ll configure this label to display the text the user enters into the text field. It’ll be a good way to test that the text field is taking the user input and processing it appropriately.
To add a label to your scene
In the Object library, type
labelin the filter field to find the Label object quickly.Drag a Label object from the Object library to your scene.
Drag the label so that it’s right above the text field and aligned with the left margin in the scene.
Stop dragging the label when it snaps to the guidelines.
Double-click the label and type
Meal Name.Press Return to display the new text in the label.
Now, add a button (UIButton) to the scene. A button is interactive, so users can tap it to trigger an action that you define. Later, you’ll create an action to reset the label text to a default value.
To add a button to your scene
In the Object library, type
buttonin the filter field to find the Button object quickly.Drag a Button object from the Object library to your scene.
Drag the button so that it’s right below the text field and aligned with the left margin in the scene.
Stop dragging the button when it snaps to the guidelines.
Double-click the button and type
Set Default Label Text.Press Return to display the new text in the button.
Reposition the button, if necessary.
It’s good to understand how the elements you’ve added are actually arranged in the scene. Look at the outline view to see which user interface elements have been added to your scene.
To view the outline view
In your storyboard, find the outline view toggle.
If the outline view is collapsed, click the toggle to expand the outline view.
You can use the outline view toggle to collapse and expand the outline view as needed.
The outline view, which appears on the left side of the canvas, provides a hierarchical representation of the objects in your storyboard. You should be able to see the text field, label, and button you just added listed in the hierarchy. But why are the user interface elements you added nested under View?
Views not only display themselves onscreen and react to user input, they can serve as containers for other views. Views are arranged in a hierarchical structure called the view hierarchy. The view hierarchy defines the layout of views relative to other views. Within that hierarchy, views enclosed within a view are called subviews, and the parent view that encloses a view is called its superview. A view can have multiple subviews and only one superview.
In general, each scene has its own view hierarchy. At the top of each view hierarchy is a content view. In the current scene, the content view is named View, the top level view inside the View Controller. The text field, label, and button are subviews of the content view. All other views that you place in this scene will be subviews of this content view (although they themselves can have nested subviews).
Preview Your Interface
Preview your app periodically to check that everything is looking the way you expect. You can preview your app interface using the assistant editor, which displays a secondary editor side-by-side with your main one.
To preview your interface
Click the Assistant button in the Xcode toolbar near the top right corner of Xcode to open the assistant editor.
If you want more space to work, collapse the project navigator and utility area by clicking the Navigator and Utilities buttons in the Xcode toolbar.
You can also collapse the outline view.
In the editor selector bar, which appears at the top of the assistant editor, switch the assistant editor from Automatic to Preview > Main.storyboard (Preview).
As you see in the assistant editor, the preview looks almost identical to the canvas. However, this does not really tell you anything new. Both the canvas and the preview are showing the same size screen (iPhone 7) and the same orientation (portrait). If you want to check and see if your interface is adaptive, you need to preview different size screens and different orientations.
To preview the landscape orientation, click the Rotate button at the bottom of the preview.
Unfortunately, things no longer look quite right. The text field, label, and button keep the same size and position relative to the screen’s upper left corner. This means that the text field no longer fills the screen from margin to margin.
To preview a different screen size, click the Add button at the bottom of the assistant editor, and select iPhone SE.
Again, the text field, label, and button keep the same size and position relative to the screen’s upper left corner. This time, however, the text field extends past the screen’s right edge.
To create an adaptive interface, you’ll need to specify how the interface should adjust to different screen sizes. For example, when the interface is rotated into a landscape orientation, the text field should grow. When the interface is displayed on an iPhone SE, the text field should shrink. You can specify these kinds of interface rules easily using Auto Layout.
Adopt Auto Layout
Auto Layout is a powerful layout engine that helps you design adaptive layouts that dynamically respond to any changes to the scene’s size. You describe your layout using constraints—rules that explain where one element should be located relative to another, or what size the element should be. Auto Layout dynamically calculates the size and position of each element based on these constraints.
One of the easiest ways to define your layout is using a stack view (UIStackView). A stack view provides a streamlined interface for laying out a collection of views in either a column or a row. The stack view uses Auto Layout under the hood to calculate the size and position of all the views that it manages. This lets you easily access the full power of Auto Layout, while greatly reducing the complexity of your layout.
To adopt Auto Layout, wrap your existing interface elements in a stack view, and then add the constraints needed to position the stack view in the scene.
To add Auto Layout constraints to the meal scene
Return to the standard editor by clicking the Standard button.
Expand the project navigator and utility area by clicking the Navigator and Utilities buttons in the Xcode toolbar.
While pressing the Shift key on your keyboard, select the text field, label, and button.
On the bottom right of the canvas, click the Embed In Stack button. (Alternatively, choose Editor > Embed In > Stack View.)
Xcode wraps the user interface elements in a stack view, stacking them together. Xcode analyzes your existing layout to figure out that the items should stack vertically, not horizontally.
If necessary, open the outline view. Select the Stack View object.
In the Attributes inspector, type
8in the Spacing field. Press Return.You’ll notice the user interface elements space out vertically, and the stack view grows with them.
On the bottom right of the canvas, open the Add New Constraints menu.
Above “Spacing to nearest neighbor,” click the two horizontal constraints and the top vertical constraint to select them. They become red when they are selected.
These constraints indicate spacing to the nearest leading, trailing, and top neighbors. In this context, the term nearest neighbor means the boundary of the closest user interface element, which can be the superview, another user interface element, or a margin. Because the “Constrain to margins” checkbox is selected, the stack view in this case will be constrained to the superview’s left and right margins. This provides space between the stack view and the edge of the scene.
On the other hand, the top of the stack is constrained relative to the scene’s top layout guide. The top layout guide is positioned at the bottom of the status bar, if the status bar is visible. If not, it is positioned at the top of the scene. Therefore, you need to add a little space between the stack view and the layout guide.
Type
0in the left and right boxes, and type20spacing in the top box.In the pop-up menu next to Update Frames, choose Items of New Constraints. This causes Interface Builder to automatically update the frames of the affected views when you create the constraints.
In the Add New Constraints menu, click the Add 3 Constraints button.
The label, text field, and button are now left aligned and laid out with appropriate spacing, but the text field still isn’t stretching to fill the screen’s width. To fix that, you’ll need to add an additional constraint.
To adjust the text field width within the stack
In your storyboard, select the text field in the meal scene.
On the bottom right of the canvas, open the Add New Constraints menu again.
Above “Spacing to nearest neighbor,” click the right horizontal constraint to select it. It becomes red when it is selected.
Type
0in the right box.In the pop-up menu next to Update Frames, choose Items of New Constraints.
In the Add New Constraints menu, click the Add 1 Constraint button.
Checkpoint: Run your app in iOS Simulator. Rotate the simulator by choosing Hardware > Rotate Left and Hardware > Rotate Right (or Command-Left Arrow and Command-Right Arrow). Notice how the text field grows and shrinks to the appropriate size depending on the device’s orientation and screen size. Also notice that the status bar disappears in landscape orientation.
Click inside the text field and enter text using the onscreen keyboard (if you’d like, you can use your computer’s keyboard by choosing Hardware > Keyboard > Connect Hardware Keyboard).
Debugging Auto layout
If you don’t get the behavior you expect, use the Auto Layout debugging features to help you. These features can be accessed using the Update Frames button and Resolve Auto Layout Issues menu.
If you are getting warnings about misplaced views, use the Update Frames button. This button updates the frames of the selected view and all of its subviews. Select the scene’s view controller to update all the views in the scene. You can also Option-click the Update Frames button to update only the selected view.
If the layout does not behave as you expect, click the Resolve Auto Layout Issues button to bring up a menu of debug commands. All the commands in this menu have two forms. One affects the currently selected view. The other affects all views in the current view controller. If all of the commands are grayed out, select the scene’s view controller or one of the views and open the menu again.
Choose Reset to Suggested Constraints to have Xcode update your interface with a valid set of constraints. Choose Clear Constraints to remove all constraints on the user interface elements, and then try following the previous instructions to set up the constraints again.
Wrapping Up
In this lesson, you’ve familiarized yourself with the contents of an Xcode project, and with many of the tools used to design and run an iOS app. You’ve also built a simple user interface.
Although the project’s scene doesn’t do much yet, the basic user interface is there and functional. Making sure your layout is robust and extensible from the start ensures that you have a solid foundation to build upon.
Note
To see the completed sample project for this lesson, download the file and view it in Xcode.
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